Scarborough v. United States Opinion of the Court Scarborough v. United States Certiorari To the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

Opinion of the Court

SCARBOROUGH v. UNITED STATES

No. 75-1344. Argued March 2, 1977-Decided June 6, 1977

In a prosecution for possession of a firearm m violation of the provision of Title VII of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U. S. C. App. § 1202 (a), malng it a crime for a convicted felon to possess "in commerce or affecting commerce" any firearm, proof that the possessed firearm previously traveled at some time in interstate commerce held sufficient to satisfy the statutorily required nexus between possession and commerce. This is so, where, as in this case, the firearm in question traveled in interstate commerce before the the nexus need not be "contem- accused became a convicted felon, poraneous" with the possession. Both the text and legislative history of the statute show a congressional intent to require no more than the minimal nexus that the firearm have been, at some time, in inter- state commerce and to outlaw possession broadly, with little concern for when the nexus with commerce occurred. Pp. 567-577

539 F 2d 331, affirmed.

MARSHALL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER,

joined. STEwART, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 578. REHNQUisT, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.

Philip J Hirschkop argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.

Rwhard A. Allen argued the cause for the United States.

With him on the brief were Solicitor General Bork, Assistant Attorney General Thornburgh, and Sidney M. Glazer

Mm. JUSTICE MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the Court.

Petitioner was convicted of possessing a firearm in violation of Title VII of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets

Opinion of the Court

Act of 1968 (Omnibus Crime Control Act), 18 U. S. C. App.

"Any person who-

"(1) has been convicted by a court of the United States or of a State or any political subdivision thereof of a felony

"and who receives, possesses, or transports in commerce any firearm shall be fined not or affecting commerce more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both."

18 U S. C. App. § 1202 (a) I

The issue in this case is whether proof that the possessed firearm previously traveled in interstate commerce is suffi- cient to satisfy the statutorily required nexus between the possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and commerce.

In 1972 petitioner pleaded guilty in the Circuit Court of Fairfax County, Va., to the felony of possession of narcotics with intent to distribute. A year later, in August 1973, law

'Section 1202 (a) reads in full.

"(a) Any person who- "(1) has been convicted by a court of the United States or of a State

or any political subdivision thereof of a felony, or "(2) has been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable

conditions, or

"(3) has been adjudged by a court of the United States or of a State or any political subdivision thereof of being mentally incompetent, or "(4) having been a citizen of the United States has renounced his

citizenship, or "(5) being an alien is illegally or unlawfully

in the United States, "who receives, possesses, or transports in commerce or affecting commerce, after the date of enactment of this Act, any firearm shall be fined not more than $10,000 or inprisoned for not more than two years, or both."

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Opinion of the Court

enforcement officials, in the execution of a search warrant for narcotics, seized four firearms from petitioner's bedroom.

Petitioner was subsequently charged with both receipt and possession of the four firearms in violation of 18 U S. C. App. § 1202 (a)(1).

In a jury trial in the Eastern District of Virginia, the Government offered evidence to show that all of the seized weapons had traveled m interstate commerce. All the dates established for such interstate travel were prior to the date petitioner became a convicted felon.2 The Government made no attempt to prove that the petitioner acquired these weapons after his conviction. 3 Holding such proof nec- essary for a receipt conviction, the judge, at the close of the Government's case, granted petitioner's motion for a judgment of acquittal on that part of the indictment charging receipt.

Petitioner's defense to the possession charge was twofold.

As a matter of fact, he contended that by the time of his conviction he no longer possessed the firearms. His claim was that, to avoid violating this statute, he had transferred these guns to his wife prior to pleading guilty to the narcotics felony Secondly, he argued that, as a matter of law, proof that the

2 The Government's evidence showed that the Colt revolver was shipped from Connecticut to North Carolina in 1969 and entered Virginia by that the Universal Enforcer came from unknown means, App. 6-7, Florida to Virginia m 1969 and was purchased by petitioner in 1970, id., at 7-8; that the M-1 carbine rifle was sent to Maryland from Illinois m 1966, coming to Virginia by unknown means, zd., at 8-9; and that the St. Etienne Ordinance revolver was manufactured in France m the 19th century and was somehow later brought into Virginia, 2d., at 9-10.

3The Government showed that petitioner bought the Enforcer m 1970. The only evidence regarding acquisition of the other weapons came from petitioner. He claied he purchased the Colt revolver in 1970, Tr. 88, and the M-1 rifle in 1968, id., at 108. The French revolver, he claimed, was left m his house shortly before the state conviction but he was not sure by whom.

Id., at 88, 105.

Opinon of the Court

guns had at some time traveled in interstate commerce did not provide an adequate nexus between the possession and commerce.

In furtherance of this defense, petitioner re-

"In order for the defendant to be found guilty of the crime with which he is charged, it is incumbent upon the Government to demonstrate a nexus between the 'posses- sion' of the firearms and interstate commerce. For exam- ple, a person 'possesses' in commerce or affecting commerce if at the time of the offense the firearms were moving interstate or on an interstate facility, or if the 'possession' affected commerce.

It is not enough that the Govern- ment merely show that the firearms at some time had travelled in interstate commerce.

" App. 12-13.

The judge rejected this instruction. jury* Instead he informed the

"The government may meet its burden of proving a con- nection between commerce and the possession of a firearm by a convicted felon if it is demonstrated that the firearm possessed by a convicted felon had previously travelled in interstate commerce.

"It is not necessary that the government prove that the defendant purchased the gun in some state other than that where he was found with it or that he carried it across the state line, nor must the government prove who did purchase the gun."

Id., at 14.

Petitioner was found guilty and he appealed. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed. 539 F 2d 331.

It held that the interstate commerce nexus requirement of the possession offense was satisfied by proof that the firearm peti- tioner possessed had previously traveled in interstate com-

SCARBOROUGH v. UNITED STATES 563

Opinion of the Court In view of the split among the Circuits on this issue,"

merce. we granted certiorari. 429 U S. 815 (1976) ' We affirm.

Our first encounter with Title VII of the Omnibus Crime

Control Act came in United States v. Bass, 404 U S. 336 (1971) There we had to decide whether the statutory phrase "in commerce or affecting commerce" in § 1202 (a) applied to "possesses" and "receives" as well as to "transports."

We noted that the statute was not a model of clarity On the one hand, we found "significant support" in the legislative history for the contention that the statute "reaches the mere possession of guns without any showing of an inter- state commerce nexus" in individual cases. 404 U S., at 345-

346. On the other hand, we could not ignore Congress'

inserting the phrase "in commerce or affecting commerce" in Id., at 345. The phrase clearly modified "trans- the statute.

4 Agreeing with the Fourth Circuit that proof of previous interstate movement of the firearm provides a sufficient commerce nexus for the possession offense are the Sixth Circuit, United States v Jones, 533 F 2d 1387 (1976), and the Tenth Circuit, United States v. Bumphus, 508 F 2d (dictum). Three other Circuits have indicated that .such 1405 (1975) proof is adequate for a receipt offense but that the possession offense requires that the possession have a contemporaneous nexus with commerce.

United States v Ressler, 536 F 2d 208 (CA7 1976), United States v.

Bell, 524 F 2d 202 (CA2 1975), United States v. Steeves, 525 F 2d 33 (CA8 1975) (dictum). The Ninth Circuit apparently has an mtra-Circuit conflict. Compare United States v. Malone, 538 F 2d 250 (1976), and United States v. Cassity, 509 F 2d 682 (1974), with United States v.

Burns, 529 F 2d 114 (1975).

5 The grant of the petition was limited to the question "[w]hether the Court erred in holding that a conviction under 18 U. S. C. App. § 1202 (a) for possession of a firearm in commerce or affecting commerce by a con- victed felon is sustainable merely upon a showing that the possessed firearm has previously at any time however remote travelled in interstate commerce." Petitioner's Fourth Amendment claim was excluded.

Opinion of the Court

port" and we could find no sensible explanation for requiring Id., at 340. Faced with this a nexus only for transport. ambiguity,6 the Court adopted the narrower reading that the phrase modified all three offenses. We found this result dic- tated by two principles of statutory interpretation. First, that "ambiguity concerning the ambit of criminal statutes should be resolved in favor of lenity," Reuns v United States, 401 U S. 808, 812 (1971), and second, that "unless Congress con- veys its purpose clearly, it will not be deemed to have signif- icantly changed the federal-state balance," Bass, supra, at 349.

Since "[a]bsent proof of some interstate commerce nexus in each case § 1202 (a) dramatically intrudes upon traditional state criminal jurisdiction," 404 U S., at 350, we were-unwilling to conclude, without a "clearer statement of intention," ibid., that Congress meant to dispense entirely with a nexus require- ment in individual cases.

It was unnecessary in Bass for us to decide what would constitute an adequate nexus with commerce as the Govern- ment had made no attempt to show any nexus at all. While we did suggest some possibilities," the present case presents the first opportunity to focus on the question with the benefit of full briefing and argument.

The Government's position is that to establish a nexus with interstate commerce it need prove only that the firearm pos- sessed by the convicted felon traveled at some time in in- terstate commerce. The petitioner contends, however, that the nexus must be "contemporaneous" with the possession, that the statute proscribes "only crimes with a present con- nection to commerce." Brief for Petitioner 9. He suggests that at the time of the offense the possessor must be engaging

6 As one commentator described our dilemma. "[T]he legislative history looked one way and the logic and structure of the statute another, while the language was not clear." Stem, The Commerce Clause Revisited- The Federalization of Intrastate Crime, 15 Ariz. L. Rev 271, 281 (1973).

7 See n. 11, nfra.

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Opinion of the Court

in commerce or must be carrying the gun at an interstate facility Tr. of Oral Arg. I. At oral argument he suggested an alternative theory-that one can be convicted for possession without any proof of a present connection with commerce so Id., at 15. long as the firearm was acquired after conviction.

In our effort to resolve the dispute, we turn first to the text of the statute. Petitioner contends that the meaning can be readily determined from the face of the statute, at least when it is contrasted with Title IV of the Omnibus Crime Control Act, another title dealing with gun control.8 He points to one section of Title IV, 18 U S. C. § 922 (h), arguing, in reliance on our decision in Barrett v United States, 423 U S. 212 (1976), that this section shows how Congress can, if it chooses, specify an offense based on firearms that have previously traveled in commerce.

In § 922 (h), Congress employed the present perfect tense, as it prohibited a convicted felon from receiving a firearm "which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce." This choice of tense led us to conclude in Bar- rett that Congress clearly "denot[ed] an act that has been completed." 423 U S., at 216. Thus, petitioner argues, since Congress knows how to specify completed transactions, its failure to use that language in the present statute must mean that it wanted to reach only ongoing transactions.

The essential difficulty with this argument is that it is not very meaningful to compare Title VII with Title IV See Bass, 404 U S., at 344. Title VII was a last-minute amend- ment to the Omnibus Crime Control Act enacted hastily with little discussion and no hearings.' The statute, as we noted in

8 The provisions of Title IV of the Omnibus Crime Control Act were re-enacted later that year without relevant change in the Gun Control Act of 1968, 82 Stat. 1213. For conveience, those provisions are referred to here collectively as Title IV

9 Senator Long introduced it on the floor of the Senate on May 17, 1968. About a week later he explained his amendment again; there was

Opinon of the Court

Bass, is not the product of model legislative deliberation or draftsmanship.

Id., at 339, 344. Title IV, on the other hand, is a carefully constructed package of gun control legis- lation.

It is obvious that the tenses used throughout Title IV were chosen with care. For example, in addition to the in § 922 (h) on receipt by convicted felons, prohibition Congress also made it illegal in § 922 (g) for such per- son to "ship or transport any firearm or ammunition in inter- In § 922 (j), Congress made it state or foreign commerce." unlawful for "any person to receive, conceal, store, barter, sell or dispose of any stolen firearm , which is moving as, which is part of, or which constitutes, interstate or foreign commerce." And § 922 (k) makes it illegal for "any person knowingly to transport, ship, or receive, in interstate or foreign commerce, any firearm which has had [its] serial number removed, obliterated or altered."

In view of such fine nuances in the tenses employed in the statute, the Court could easily conclude in Barrett that "Congress knew the significance and 423 U S., at 217 meaning of the language it employed."

The language it chose was "without ambiguity" Id., at 216.

"Had Congress intended to confine § 922 (h) to direct inter- state receipts, it would have so provided, just as it did in other sections of [Title IV]."

Id., at 217

In the present case, by contrast, Congress' choice of lan- guage was ambiguous at best. While it is true that Congress did not choose the precise language used in § 922 (h) to in- dicate that a present nexus with commerce is not required, neither did it use the language of § 922 (j) to indicate that the gun must have a contemporaneous connection with commerce at the tine of the offense. Thus, while petitioner is correct

brief debate; a vote was called, and the amendment was agreed to with- out having been referred to any committee. Accordingly, there were no legislative hearings and no committee reports. The amendment received only passing mention m the House discussion of the bill and never received committee consideration there either.

SCARBOROUGH v. UNITED STATES 563

Opinon of the Court

in noting that Congress has the skills to be precise, the fact that it did not employ those skills here helps us not at all.

While Congress' choice of tenses is not very revealing, its findings and its inclusion of the phrase "affecting commerce" are somewhat more helpful.

In the findings at the begmmng of Title VII, Congress expressly declared that "the receipt, possession, or transportation of a firearm by felons con- stitutes a burden on commerce or threat affecting the free flow of commerce," 18 U S. C. App. § 1201 (1) " It then implemented those findings by prohibiting pdssessions "in commerce and affecting commerce." As we have pre- viously observed, Congress is aware of the "distinction be- tween legislation limited to activities 'in commerce' and an assertion of its full Commerce Clause power so as to cover all activity substantially affecting interstate commerce."

United States v Amertcan Bldg. Maintenance Industes, 422 U S. 271, 280 (1975), see also NLRB v Reliance Fuel Corp.,

Indeed, that awareness was explic- itly demonstrated here.

In arguing that Congress could, 10 Title 18 U. S. C. App. § 1201 reads m its entirety"

"Congressional findings and declaration.

"The Congress hereby finds and declares that the receipt, possession, or transportation of a firearm by felons, veterans who are discharged under dishonorable conditions, mental incompetents, aliens who are illegally in the country, and former citizens who have renounced their citizenship, constitutes-

"(1) a burden on commerce or threat affecting the free flow of com- merce,

"(2) a threat to the safety of the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States,

"(3) an impediment or a threat to the exercise of free speech and the free exercise of a religion guaranteed by the first amendment to the Con- stitution of the United States, and

"(4) a threat to the continued and effective operation of the Govern- ment of the United States and of the government of each State guaranteed by article IV of the Constitution."

Opnion of the Court

consistent with the Constitution, "outlaw the mere possession of weapons," Senator Long, in introducing Title VII, pointed to the fact that "many of the items and transactions reached by the broad swath of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were reached by virtue of the power of Congress to regulate matters affecting commerce, not just to regulate interstate commerce itself." 114 Cong. Rec. 13868 (1968) He advised a similar reliance on the power to regulate matters affecting commerce and urged that "Congress simply [find] that the possession of these weapons by the wrong kind of people is either a burden on commerce or a threat that affects the free flow of com- merce."

Id., at 13869. While in Bass we noted that we could not be sure that Congress meant to do away entirely with a nexus requirement, it does seem apparent that in implementing these findings by prohibiting both possessions in commerce and those affecting commerce, Congress must have meant more than to outlaw simply those possessions that occur in com- merce or in interstate facilities. And we see no basis for contending that a weapon acquired after a conviction affects commerce differently from one acquired before and retained.

The legislative history in its entirety, while brief, further supports the view that Congress sought to rule broadly-to keep guns out of the hands of those who have demonstrated that "they may not be trusted to possess a firearm without becoming a threat to society" Id., at 14773. There is simply no indication of any concern with either the movement of the gun or the possessor or with the time of acquisition.

In introducing the amendment, Senator Long stated.

"I have prepared an amendment which I will offer at an appropriate time, simply setting forth the fact that anybody who has been convicted of a felony is not permitted to possess a firearm

"It might be well to analyze, for a moment, the logic involved. When a man has been convicted of a felony,

SCARBOROUGH v. UNITED STATES 563

Opinmon of the Court

unless-as this bill sets forth-he has been expressly par- doned by the President and the pardon states that the person is to be permitted to possess firearms in the future, that man would have no right to possess firearms. He would be punished criminally if he is found in possession of them.

"It seems to me that this simply strikes at the posses- sion of firearms by the wrong kind of people.

It avoids the problem of imposing on an honest hardware store owner the burden of keeping a lot of records and trying to keep up with the ultimate disposition of weapons sold.

It places the burden and the punishment on the kind of people who have no business possessing firearms in the event they come into possession of them."

Id., at 13868- 13869.

The purpose of the amendment was to complement Title IV Id., at 14774, see also 7d., at 16286. Senator Long noted.

"Of all the gun bills that have been suggested, debated, discussed and considered, none except this Title VII attempts to bar possession of a firearm from persons whose prior behaviors have established their violent tendencies.

" Under Title VII, every citizen could possess a gun until the commission of his first felony Upon his convic- tion, however, Title VII would deny every assassin, murderer, thief and burglar of [sic] the right to possess a firearm in the future

"Despite all that has been said about the need for controlling firearms in this Country, no other amendment heretofore offered would get at the Oswalds or the Galts.

They are the types of people at which Title VII is aimed."

Id., at 14773-14774.

Opinion of the Court

He proposed this amendment to remedy what he thought was an erroneous conception of the drafters of Title IV that there was "a constitutional doubt that the Federal Government Id., at 13868. could outlaw the mere possession of weapons."

The intent to outlaw possession without regard to move- ment and to apply it to a case such as petitioner's could not have been more clearly revealed than in a colloquy between Senators Long and McClellan.

"Mr. McClellan. I have not had an opportunity to study The thought that occurred to me, the amendment. as the Senator explained it, is that if a man had been in the penitentiary, had been a felon, and had been par- doned, without any condition in his pardon to which the able Senator referred, granting hin the right to bear arms, could that man own a shotgun for the purpose of hunting?

"Mr. Long of Louisiana. No, he could not. He could own it, but he could not possess it.

I beg the Senator's pardon?

"Mr. McClellan.

"Mr. Long of Louisiana. This amendment does not seek to do anything about who owns a firearm. He could not carry it around, he could not have it.

"Mr. McClellan. Could he have it n hts home "Mr. Long of Louisiana. No, he could not." Id., at

14774 (emphasis added)

It was after this colloquy that Senator McClellan suggested that the amendment be taken to conference for "further thought."

Ibid. While that appeared to be its destination, the House, after Senate passage of the bill, defeated a motion to go to conference and adopted the entire Senate bill, includ- ing Title VII, without alteration. Id., at 16077-16078, 16299- 16300. Title VII thus became law without modification.

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Opinion of the Court

It seems apparent from the foregoing that the purpose of Title VII was to proscribe mere possession but that there was some concern about the constitutionality of such a statute.

It was that observed ambivalence that made us unwilling in Bass to find the clear intent necessary to conclude that Con- gress meant to dispense with a nexus requirement entirely However, we see no indication that Congress intended to re- quire any more than the minimal nexus that the firearm have In particular, been, at some time, in interstate commerce.' we find no support for petitioner's theories.

Initially, we note our difficulty in fully comprehending peti- In his view, tioner's conception of a nexus with commerce. if an individual purchases a gun before his conviction, the fact that the gun once traveled in commerce does not provide an It is necessary, in addition, that the person adequate nexus.

If, however, one pur- also carry it in an interstate facility chases the same gun from the same dealer one day after the conviction as opposed to one day before, somehow the nexus magically appears, regardless of whether the purchaser carries the gun in any particular place. Such an interpretation straans credulity We find no evidence in either the language or the legislative history for such a construction 2

: In Bass, the Court suggested that there might be a distinction between receipt and possession and that possession might require a stricter nexus with commerce. While such a requirement would make sense, -see United States v. Bell, 524 F 2d, at 209, further consideration has persuaded us that that was not the choice Congress made. Congress was not par- ticularly concerned with the impact on commerce except as a means to insure the constitutionality of Title VII. State gun control laws were found "inadequate to bar possession of firearms from those most likely to use them for unlawful purposes" and Congress sought to buttress the States' efforts. 114 Cong. Rec. 14774 (1968). All indications are that Congress meant to reach possessions broadly

12 The argument sounds more like an effort to define possession, but the only issue before us is the nexus requirement. Petitioner has raised no objections to the trial court's definition of possession. Even as a pro-

Opinion of the Court

More significantly, these theories create serious loopholes in

the congressional plan to "make it unlawful for a firearm to be m the possession of a convicted felon." 114 Cong. Rec.

14773 (1968) A person who obtained a firearm prior to his conviction can retain it forever so long as he is not caught with it in an interstate facility Indeed, petitioner's interpretation allows an individual to go out in the period between his arrest and conviction and purchase and stockpile weapons with inpumty In addition, petitioner's theories would signifi- cantly impede enforcement efforts. Those who do acquire guns after their conviction obviously do so surreptitiously and, as petitioner concedes, Tr. of Oral Arg. 19, it is very difficult as a practical matter to prove that such possession began after the possessor's felony conviction.

Petitioner responds that the Government's reading of the statute fails to give effect to all three terms of the statute- receive, possess, transport. He argues-that someone guilty of receipt or transport will necessarily be guilty of possession and that, therefore, there was no need to include the other two offenses in the statute. While this contention is not friv- olous, 13 the fact is that petitioner's theory is similarly vulner- able. By his proposed definitions, there are essentially only two crimes-receipt and transport. The possessor who ac- quires the weapon after his conviction is guilty of receipt and the one who is carrying the gun in commerce or at an inter-

posed definition of possession, however, there is no support for it in the history or text. While Senator Long used the word "acquire" a few times in discussing the amendment, it is clear his concern was with the dangers of certain people having guns, not with when they obtained them.

Furthermore, his use of the term "acquire" is better explained as a synonym for "receive" than for "possess." See United States v Kelly, 519 F 2d 251, 253 n. 3 (CA8 1975).

13We note, however, that it is also arguable that one could receive and perhaps transport a weapon without necessarily exercising dominion and control over it.

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Opinion of the Court

state facility presumably is guilty of transporting. 4 Thus, the definitions offered by both sides fail to give real substance to all three terms. The difference, however, is that the Govern- ment's definition captures the essence of Congress' intent, striking at the possession of weapons by people "who have no 114 Cong. Rec. 13869 (1968) business possessing [them] " Petitioner's version, on the other hand, fails completely to It virtually eliminates the fulfill the congressional purpose. one offense on which Congress focused in enacting the law

Finally, petitioner seeks to invoke the two principles of statutory construction relied on in Bass-lenity in construing criminal statutes and caution where the federal-state balance is inplicated. Petitioner, however, overlooks the fact that we did not turn to these guides in Bass until we had concluded that "[a]fter 'seizing every thing from which aid can be we are left with an ambiguous statute." 404 derived,' U S., at 347 The principles are applicable only when we are uncertain about the statute's meaning and are not to be used "in complete disregard of the purpose of the legislature."

United States v Bramblett, 348 U S. 503, 510 (1955) Here, the intent of Congress is clear. We do not face the conflicting pull between the text and the history that confronted us in In this case, the history is unambiguous and the text Bass. consistent with it. Congress sought to reach possessions broadly, with little concern for when the nexus with com- Indeed, it was a close question in Bass merce occurred. whether § 1202 (a) even required proof of any nexus at all in individual cases. The only reason we concluded it did was because it was not "plaanly and unmistakably" clear that it did not. 404 U S., at 348. But there is no question that Congress intended no more than a minimal nexus requirement.

14 Petitioner suggests that a possessor's simply waiting in an interstate facility is not transporting. Even if that is true, we find it inconceivable, in view of the legislative history, that Congress intended the possession offense to have so limited a scope.

STEWART, J., dissenting

Since the District Court and the Court of Appeals employed the proper standard, we affirm the conviction of petitioner.

It ?s so ordered.

MR. Jus i RFHNQuIST took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

MR. JusTICE STEWART, dissenting.

So far as the record reflects, the petitioner in this case acquired the four weapons in question before he was convicted of a felony in August 1972. Until that time, his possession of the guns was entirely legal under federal law Under the Court's construction of 18 U S. C. App. § 1202 (a) (1), how- ever, the petitioner was automatically guilty of a serious federal criminal offense at the moment he was convicted in the state felony case. This result is in my view inconsistent with the time-honored rule of lenity in construing federal criminal statutes. See, e. g., Reuns v United States, 401 U S. 808, 812, Ladner v United States, 358 U S. 169, 177- 178, Bell v United States, 349 U S. 81, 83, United States v Universal C I. T Credit Corp., 344 U S. 218, 221-222.

would hold that § 1202 (a) (1) does not come into play unless and until a person first comes into possession of a firearm after he is convicted of a felony

of a felony has been convicted

The language of § 1202 (a) (1) does not compel the con- struction that the Court adopts. The statute covers "[a]ny person who and who receives, possesses, or transports any fire- " Plainly the acts of receiving and transporting arm are prohibited only if they occur after the defendant's convic- tion. The language does not indicate, however, whether the illegal possession must also first begin after conviction, or whether a prior possession becomes illegal at the moment the possessor is adjudged guilty of a felony And, as the Court observes, ante, at 576-577, any reading of the statute makes

SCARBOROUGH v. UNITED STATES 563

STEwART, J., dissenting

If § 1202 (a) makes one or another part of it redundant. criminal any postconviction possession of a gun by a convicted felon, then there will almost never be a situation where the Government would need to rely on the prohibition against re- ceipt of the gun, for in most cases receipt would result in pos- session, and the latter is generally easier to prove. On the other hand, if the prohibition against possession refers to a pos- session that begins only after a felony conviction, the Govern- ment presumably could proceed on a receipt charge in such cases, without relying on the possession offense (or vice versa) The legislative history does not provide much help. There are statements suggesting that Congress meant to proscribe any possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Other state- ments, however, intimate that the statute's purpose was to prevent a convicted felon from coming mnto possession of a weapon after his conviction. For instance, Senator Long, the drafter and sponsor of § 1202, stated that the statute "places the burden and the punishment on the kind of people who have no business possessing firearms in the event they come into possesswn of them." 114 Cong. Rec. 13869 (1968).

Later he added that § 1202 (a) "would deny every assassin, the right to possess a firearm murderer, thief and burglar in the future

" 114 Cong. Rec. 14773.

In short, I disagree with the Court that the scope of § 1202 (a) is so crystal clear that there is no room for the In my view, we are under no operation of the rule of lenity mandate to construe this statute so that a person in lawful possession of a firearm, and presumed to be innocent of a felony until proved guilty, must upon his conviction of a felony also be automatically and instaAtly guilty of a wholly different serious criminal offense. ' The statute could equally

1 Under this construction, for example, a bookkeeper who owns a hunting rifle and who later commits embezzlement will, immediately upon his embezzlement conviction, also be guilty of violating § 1202 (a). At oral argument the Government agreed that such a person should have a reason-

STEWART, J., dissenting

be read to apply only when a person first comes into posses- sion of a firearm after his felony conviction.2 That being so, I would choose the latter alternative, for "it is appropriate, before we choose the harsher alternative, to require that Congress should have spoken m language that is clear and definite. We should not derive criminal outlawry from some ambiguous implication." United States v Unversal C I. T Credit Corp., supra, at 222.

Since the petitioner in this case came into possession of the firearms before he was convicted of any felony, I would hold that he did not violate § 1202 (a) (1) Accordingly, I respect- fully dissent from the opinion and judgment of the Court.

able time to relinquish possession without being automatically m viola- tion of the statute, and suggested that prosecutonal discretion would take care of the problem. Proper construction of a criminal statute, however, cannot depend upon the good will of those who must enforce it.

2 Contrary to the Court's suggestion, this reading would not allow a person "to go out in the period between his arrest and conviction and purchase and stockpile weapons with impunity" Ante, at 576. Title 18

U. S. C. § 922 (h) makes it unlawful for any person who is under indict-

ment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year to receive any firearm or ammunition that has been shipped or trans- ported in interstate or foreign commerce.